FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Table of contents
1. Origin
2. Causative agent
3. Structure of virus
4. Transmission in animals
5. Virus – host interaction
6. Clinical signs
7. Transmission in humans
8. Treatment
9. Prevention
10. Vaccination
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| Foot and mouth disease |
1 .ORIGIN
Foot and mouth disease also known as FMD is a viral disease of cattle, swine(pig),sheep and goats (cloven hooved animals) animals which have divided hooves.
This virus was first reported in 1957 in New Zealand. It was discovered by Daldorf and Sickles.
It is one of the oldest viruses . In the beginning it was basically named as Hand Foot and Mouth disease
And this term was introduced by Thomas Henry.
2.CAUSATIVE AGENT
As it is a viral disease so it is caused by a virus known as APHTHOVIRUS which belongs to a family of PICORNAVIRUSES. It has 7 strains . All these strains are found in the different countries of the world.
Every strain of virus produces same symptoms but is treated with different vaccine
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| Apthovirus |
3.STRUCTURE OF APHTHOVIRUS
1.It is a virus with ISOCAHEDRAL structure .
2.It has a pseudo symmetry .
3.It has a non enveloped capsid.
4.It has a linear genomic rearrangement .
4.Transmission
The causes for entrance of virus into cattle are as follow
1. Through clothes and skin of farmers and the persons who handle cattle
2. Standing water
3. Uncooked food scrap
4. Feed supplements containing infected animal products
5. Cows can be infected through semen of bulls
5.VIRUS HOST INTERACTION OF VIRUS INSIDE HOST
As the virus enters into the host body the capsid protein directly interact with the cellular receptors of the hostcell. the virus enters into the cell through cell mediated endocytosis.
The receptors to which the virus binds are mostly
1.Integrin receptors.
2.Heparan sulphate receptors
3.Third receptor has not been identified yet
when the virus enters into cell the anti-viral system of the host activates and it quickly tries to suppress the replication of virus and starts the removing process of virus from the body
afterwards the virus introduces its genetic material to the replication region
and starts replication and starts invading host body
6. CLINICAL SIGNS OF FOOD AND MOUTH DISEASE.
The symptoms shown in the infected animals are as follow
1.high fever
2.formation of blisters inside the mouth which leads to excessive foamy saliva
3.formation of blisters in feet which result in the condition in which the animal is unable to walk
4. adult animal may suffer from weigh loss
5. swelling of testicles in male infected animal
6. cow milk production declines significantly
7.TRANSMISSION IN HUMANS
The transmission of virus in humans is very rare but it may cause
1.vomiting
2. red ulcerative lesions of oral area
3. vesicular lesions of the skin
8.TREATMENT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
The treatment includes Potassium permanganate mixed antiseptic mouthwash Sodium carbonate, boric acid, glycerin applied over the lesions.
3. Feet of animals are washed through 2% copper sulphate solution.
4. Fluid therapy.
5. Broad spectrum antibiotics.
6. Ribavirin
9.PREVENTION FROM THE VIRUS
1. By keeping everything clean near animals.
2. Inspect animals on regular basis to avoid any symptom
3. Separate different species of animals from each other.
4. Wash hands after handling animals .
5. Use disinfectant.
6. Reduce non-essential visit to your farm.
7. If the disease is confirmed in a particular area then the movement of animals and humans in that particular area should be controlled .
10.VACCINATION
foot and mouth disease vaccine, inactivated vaccine is available.
Dosage:
2ml in cattle , buffalo and pigs
1ml in pigs and sheeps .