Anaplasmosis | Cause | Signs | Treatment | Prevention | Control
Cause
Anaplasmosis is a vector-borne, infectious blood disease in cattle caused by the rickesttsial parasites Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale. It is also known as yellow-bag or yellow-fever.
This parasite infects the red blood cells and causes severe anemia. It is most usually spread by ticks.
Symptoms
- Anemia
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Breathlessness
- Jaundice
- Uncoordinated movements
- Abortion
- Death
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| Anaplasma centrale in blood picture |
Treatment
Tetracycline is often used for clinical anaplasmosis. However it cannot be used in every country.
General supportive care is also important for anemic animals. Blood transfusions are of limited benefit.
The incubation time for the disease to develop varies from two weeks to over three months, but averages three to four weeks. Adult cattle are more susceptible to infection than calves.
The disease is generally mild in calves under a year of age, rarely fatal in cattle up to two years of age, sometimes fatal in animals up to three years of age, and often fatal in older cattle.
Once an animal recovers from infection, either naturally or with normal therapy, it will usually remain a carrier of the disease for life. Carriers show no sign of the disease but act as sources of infection for other susceptible cattle.
Prevention
Typically, cases of anaplasmosis increase in late summer and fall as insect vectors increase. Therefore, control of vectors is key to preventing anaplasmosis. If necessary herd treatment with oxytetracycline injection every 3 to 4 weeks during high risk times may be necessary will prevent clinical disease but animals can become carriers.
Chlortetracycline also known as CTC can reduce the risk of anaplasmosis. A consistent intake of the correct amount of mineral is crucial to a anaplasmosis prevention program. CTC is available in medicated feed, free choice salt-mineral mixes or medicated blocks.
In some places, vaccines are available to increase resistance to anaplasmosis.